KEY FEATURES
PREFACE
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
1 Histology & Its Methods of Study 1
Preparation of Tissues for Study-1
Light Microscopy-4
Electron Microscopy-8
Autoradiography-9
Cell & Tissue Culture-10
Enzyme Histochemistry-10
Visualizing Specific Molecules-10
Interpretation of Structures in Tissue Section-14
Summary of Key Points-15
Assess Your Knowledge-16
2 The Cytoplasm-17
Cell Differentiation-17
The Plasma Membrane-17
Cytoplasmic Organelles-27
The Cytoskeleton-42
Inclusions-47
Summary of Key Points-51
Assess Your Knowledge-52
3 The Nucleus-53
Components of the Nucleus-53
The Cell Cycle-58
Mitosis-61
Stem Cells & Tissue Renewal-65
Meiosis-65
Apoptosis-67
Summary of Key Points-69
Assess Your Knowledge-70
4 Epithelial Tissue-71
Characteristic Features of Epithelial Cells-72
Specializations of the Apical Cell Surface-77
Types of Epithelia-80
Transport Across Epithelia-88
Renewal of Epithelial Cells-88
Summary of Key Points-90
Assess Your Knowledge-93
5 Connective Tissue-96
Cells of Connective Tissue-96
Fibers-103
Ground Substance-111
Types of Connective Tissue-114
Summary of Key Points-119
Assess Your Knowledge-120
6 Adipose Tissue-122
White Adipose Tissue-122
Brown Adipose Tissue-126
Summary of Key Points-127
Assess Your Knowledge-128
7 Cartilage-129
Hyaline Cartilage-129
Elastic Cartilage-133
Fibrocartilage-134
Cartilage Formation, Growth, & Repair-134
Summary of Key Points-136
Assess Your Knowledge-136
8 Bone-138
Bone Cells-138
Bone Matrix-143
Periosteum & Endosteum-143
Types of Bone-143
Osteogenesis-148
Bone Remodeling & Repair-152
Metabolic Role of Bone-153
Joints-155
Summary of Key Points-158
Assess Your Knowledge-159
9 Nerve Tissue & the Nervous System-161
Development of Nerve Tissue-161
Neurons-163
Glial Cells & Neuronal Activity-168
Central Nervous System-175
Peripheral Nervous System-182
Neural Plasticity & Regeneration-187
Summary of Key Points-190
Assess Your Knowledge-191
10 Muscle Tissue-193
Skeletal Muscle-193
Cardiac Muscle-207
Smooth Muscle-208
Regeneration of Muscle Tissue-213
Summary of Key Points-213
Assess Your Knowledge-214
11 The Circulatory System-215
Heart-215
Tissues of the Vascular Wall-219
Vasculature-220
Lymphatic Vascular System-231
Summary of Key Points-235
Assess Your Knowledge-235
12 Blood-237
Composition of Plasma-237
Blood Cells-239
Summary of Key Points-250
Assess Your Knowledge-252
13 Hemopoiesis-254
Stem Cells, Growth Factors, & Differentiation-254
Bone Marrow-255
Maturation of Erythrocytes-258
Maturation of Granulocytes-260
Maturation of Agranulocytes-263
Origin of Platelets-263
Summary of Key Points-265
Assess Your Knowledge-265
14 The Immune System & Lymphoid Organs-267
Innate & Adaptive Immunity-267
Cytokines-269
Antigens & Antibodies-270
Antigen Presentation-271
Cells of Adaptive Immunity-273
Thymus-276
Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue-281
Lymph Nodes-282
Spleen-286
Summary of Key Points-293
Assess Your Knowledge-294
15 Digestive Tract-295
General Structure of the Digestive Tract-295
Oral Cavity-298
Esophagus-305
Stomach-307
Small Intestine-314
Large Intestine-318
Summary of Key Points-326
Assess Your Knowledge-328
16 Organs Associated with the Digestive Tract-329
Salivary Glands-329
Pancreas-332
Liver-335
Biliary Tract & Gallbladder-345
Summary of Key Points-346
Assess Your Knowledge-348
17 The Respiratory System-349
Nasal Cavities-349
Pharynx-352
Larynx-352
Trachea-354
Bronchial Tree & Lung-354
Lung Vasculature & Nerves-366
Pleural Membranes-368
Respiratory Movements-368
Summary of Key Points-369
Assess Your Knowledge-369
18 Skin-371
Epidermis-372
Dermis-378
Subcutaneous Tissue-381
Sensory Receptors-381
Hair-383
Nails-384
Skin Glands-385
Skin Repair-388
Summary of Key Points-391
Assess Your Knowledge-391
19 The Urinary System-393
Kidneys-393
Blood Circulation-394
Renal Function: Filtration, Secretion, & Reabsorption-395
Ureters, Bladder, & Urethra-406
Summary of Key Points-411
Assess Your Knowledge-412
20 Endocrine Glands-413
Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)-413
Adrenal Glands-423
Pancreatic Islets-427
Diffuse Neuroendocrine System-429
Thyroid Gland-429
Parathyroid Glands-432
Pineal Gland-434
Summary of Key Points-437
Assess Your Knowledge-437
21 The Male Reproductive
System-439
Testes-439
Intratesticular Ducts-449
Excretory Genital Ducts-450
Accessory Glands-451
Penis-456
Summary of Key Points-457
Assess Your Knowledge-459
22 The Female Reproductive System-460
Ovaries-460
Uterine Tubes-470
Major Events of Fertilization-471
Uterus-471
Embryonic Implantation, Decidua, & the Placenta-478
Cervix-482
Vagina-483
External Genitalia-483
Mammary Glands-483
Summary of Key Points-488
Assess Your Knowledge-489
23 The Eye & Ear: Special Sense Organs-490
Eyes: The Photoreceptor System-490
Ears: The Vestibuloauditory System-509
Summary of Key Points-522
Assess Your Knowledge-522
APPENDIX-525
FIGURE CREDITS-527
INDEX-529